#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""Computation of apparent Young's modulus for RT-DC measurements"""
from __future__ import division, print_function, unicode_literals
import pathlib
from pkg_resources import resource_filename
import numpy as np
import scipy.interpolate as spint
from .emodulus_viscosity import get_viscosity
def convert(area_um, deform, emodulus,
channel_width_in, channel_width_out,
flow_rate_in, flow_rate_out,
viscosity_in, viscosity_out,
inplace=False):
"""convert area-deformation-emodulus triplet
The conversion formula is described in :cite:`Mietke2015`.
Parameters
----------
area_um: ndarray
Convex cell area [µm²]
deform: ndarray
Deformation
emodulus: ndarray
Young's Modulus [kPa]
channel_width_in: float
Original channel width [µm]
channel_width_out: float
Target channel width [µm]
flow_rate_in: float
Original flow rate [µl/s]
flow_rate_in: float
Target flow rate [µl/s]
viscosity_in: float
Original viscosity [mPa*s]
viscosity_out: float
Target viscosity [mPa*s]
inplace: bool
If True, override input arrays with corrected data
Returns
-------
area_um_corr: ndarray
Corrected cell area [µm²]
deform_corr: ndarray
Deformation (a copy if `inplace` is False)
emodulus_corr: ndarray
Corrected emodulus [kPa]
"""
copy = not inplace
# make sure area_um_corr is not an integer array
area_um_corr = np.array(area_um, dtype=float, copy=copy)
deform_corr = np.array(deform, copy=copy)
emodulus_corr = np.array(emodulus, copy=copy)
if channel_width_in != channel_width_out:
area_um_corr *= (channel_width_out / channel_width_in)**2
if (flow_rate_in != flow_rate_out or
viscosity_in != viscosity_out or
channel_width_in != channel_width_out):
emodulus_corr *= (flow_rate_out / flow_rate_in) \
* (viscosity_out / viscosity_in) \
* (channel_width_in / channel_width_out)**3
return area_um_corr, deform_corr, emodulus_corr
def corrpix_deform_delta(area_um, px_um=0.34):
"""Deformation correction term for pixelation effects
The contour in RT-DC measurements is computed on a
pixelated grid. Due to sampling problems, the measured
deformation is overestimated and must be corrected.
The correction formula is described in :cite:`Herold2017`.
Parameters
----------
area_um: float or ndarray
Apparent (2D image) area in µm² of the event(s)
px_um: float
The detector pixel size in µm.
inplace: bool
Change the deformation values in-place
Returns
-------
deform_delta: float or ndarray
Error of the deformation of the event(s) that must be
subtracted from `deform`.
deform_corr = deform - deform_delta
"""
# A triple-exponential decay can be used to correct for pixelation
# for apparent cell areas between 10 and 1250µm².
# For 99 different radii between 0.4 μm and 20 μm circular objects were
# simulated on a pixel grid with the pixel resolution of 340 nm/pix. At
# each radius 1000 random starting points were created and the
# obtained contours were analyzed in the same fashion as RT-DC data.
# A convex hull on the contour was used to calculate the size (as area)
# and the deformation.
# The pixel size correction `pxcorr` takes into account the pixel size
# in the pixelation correction formula.
pxcorr = (.34 / px_um)**2
offs = 0.0012
exp1 = 0.020 * np.exp(-area_um * pxcorr / 7.1)
exp2 = 0.010 * np.exp(-area_um * pxcorr / 38.6)
exp3 = 0.005 * np.exp(-area_um * pxcorr / 296)
delta = offs + exp1 + exp2 + exp3
return delta
[docs]def get_emodulus(area_um, deform, medium="CellCarrier",
channel_width=20.0, flow_rate=0.16, px_um=0.34,
temperature=23.0, copy=True):
"""Compute apparent Young's modulus using a look-up table
Parameters
----------
area_um: float or ndarray
Apparent (2D image) area [µm²] of the event(s)
deform: float or ndarray
The deformation (1-circularity) of the event(s)
medium: str or float
The medium to compute the viscosity for. If a string
in ["CellCarrier", "CellCarrier B"] is given, the viscosity
will be computed. If a float is given, this value will be
used as the viscosity in mPa*s.
channel_width: float
The channel width [µm]
flow_rate: float
Flow rate [µl/s]
px_um: float
The detector pixel size [µm] used for pixelation correction.
Set to zero to disable.
temperature: float or ndarray
Temperature [°C] of the event(s)
copy: bool
Copy input arrays. If set to false, input arrays are
overridden.
Returns
-------
elasticity: float or ndarray
Apparent Young's modulus in kPa
Notes
-----
- The look-up table used was computed with finite elements methods
according to :cite:`Mokbel2017`.
- The computation of the Young's modulus takes into account
corrections for the viscosity (medium, channel width, flow rate,
and temperature) :cite:`Mietke2015` and corrections for
pixelation of the area and the deformation which are computed
from a (pixelated) image :cite:`Herold2017`.
See Also
--------
dclab.features.emodulus_viscosity.get_viscosity: compute viscosity
for known media
"""
# copy input arrays so we can use in-place calculations
deform = np.array(deform, copy=copy, dtype=float)
area_um = np.array(area_um, copy=copy, dtype=float)
# Get lut data
lut_path = resource_filename("dclab.features", "emodulus_lut.txt")
with pathlib.Path(lut_path).open("rb") as lufd:
lut = np.loadtxt(lufd)
# These meta data are the simulation parameters of the lut
lut_channel_width = 20.0
lut_flow_rate = 0.04
lut_visco = 15.0
# Compute viscosity
if isinstance(medium, (float, int)):
visco = medium
else:
visco = get_viscosity(medium=medium, channel_width=channel_width,
flow_rate=flow_rate, temperature=temperature)
# Corrections
# We correct the lut, because it contains less points than
# the event data. Furthermore, the lut could be cached
# in the future, if this takes up a lot of time.
convert(area_um=lut[:, 0],
deform=lut[:, 1],
emodulus=lut[:, 2],
channel_width_in=lut_channel_width,
channel_width_out=channel_width,
flow_rate_in=lut_flow_rate,
flow_rate_out=flow_rate,
viscosity_in=lut_visco,
viscosity_out=visco,
inplace=True)
if px_um:
# Correct deformation for pixelation effect (subtract ddelt).
ddelt = corrpix_deform_delta(area_um=area_um, px_um=px_um)
deform -= ddelt
# Normalize interpolation data such that the spacing for
# area and deformation is about the same during interpolation.
area_norm = lut[:, 0].max()
normalize(lut[:, 0], area_norm)
normalize(area_um, area_norm)
defo_norm = lut[:, 1].max()
normalize(lut[:, 1], defo_norm)
normalize(deform, defo_norm)
# Perform interpolation
emod = spint.griddata((lut[:, 0], lut[:, 1]), lut[:, 2],
(area_um, deform),
method='linear')
return emod
def normalize(data, dmax):
"""Perform normalization inplace"""
data /= dmax
return data